落叶松红腹叶蜂食叶量、发育进度及防治适期的研究

掌握科学合理的防治时机，是害虫防治的关键技术之一。为此笔者在对落叶松红腹叶蜂防治技术的研究中，根据落叶松红腹叶蜂幼虫的生物学特性，创新采用拟自然态研究方法、自然产卵小群统计方法，对幼虫每虫和分龄期食叶量(率)、卵和幼虫发育历期、幼虫自然死亡率、越冬幼虫化蛹发育进度及化蛹历期等进行了系统研究。在这些研究的基础上，提出科学的防治适期应为幼虫发育高峰后第7～10d，在此时间内林间可见卵及幼虫约占当年种群数量的76％～90％，是卵和幼虫出现最多的时段，是最大限度地消灭叶蜂幼虫、压低种群数量的有利时期。     

黄河小浪底库区不同人工林水土保持效益研究

采用空间代替时间的方法,通过对黄河小浪底库区不同人工林水土保持效益浅要分析,结果表明:最大吸水率为刺槐>侧柏>20多年生栓皮栎>40多年生栓皮栎,凋落物储量和最大持水量均为20多年生栓皮栎>40多年生栓皮栎>侧柏>刺槐;土壤渗透性能和贮水性能变化较为复杂,侧柏林地的渗透性和贮水性能较其它林地好些,刺槐林地上下层之间变化最大。     

武威绿洲温室果树主栽品种需冷量测定及其应用研究

通过定位定时采样,采用水培枝条法和武威绿洲12年来稳定通过≤7.2℃气温的平均初始日期,测算出8个温室葡萄主栽品种,3个温室油桃主栽品种,3个温室杏主栽品种的需冷量,为武威绿洲的温室果树栽培确定揭帘升温时间提供了科学依据。     

Post‐hatching development of the ornamental ‘Red Cherry Shrimp’ Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904) (Crustacea,Caridea, Atyidae) under laboratorial conditions

The ‘Red Cherry shrimp’, Neocaridina davidi is a small freshwater caridean shrimp living, originally, in various kinds of inland water bodies around Asian countries. This shrimp has reached several countries for ornamental use; however, basic information on the biology of the species is still scarce in the literature. Its early post embryonic development morphology has not yet been described. This paper focused on the production and the development of early post‐hatching stages of N. davidi, its male secondary sexual features, observation of the gonads and the presence of females with embryos. The larval development of N. davidi was almost suppressed as noted by the presence of relatively large‐sized eggs, first stage hatching as a decapodid; and the tail fans were present only from the 2nd post‐hatching stage. A biological important consequence of the presence of this Red Cherry shrimp species in the Neotropics is its potential release into nature, which could cause its rapid dispersion affecting populations of other indigenous caridean freshwater shrimps.     

Accelerated ageingof wheat grains: Part I- Influence on rheological properties of wheat flour

Natural ageing is defined as handling and storage of freshly harvested grain for several years under storage condition to achieve suitable flour quality after milling. Accelerated ageing of wheat which is obtained using higher temperature during a specific storage time under controlled relative humidity may improve the quality of wheat flour. The present study addresses the effect of accelerated ageing on the rheological properties of wheat flour produced by freshly harvested wheat. The process of accelerated aging was performed by three different factors including rise in wheat moisture content (16, 18 and 20% w/w), control of storage temperature (30, 40 and 50°C) and control of the storage time (2, 5 and 8 days) using a central composite design. After the grain milling, rheological properties of wheat flour of different treatments were studied. Results indicated that promoting the storage time to 8 days and temperature up to 40°C could improve rheological properties such as dough stability, dough development time and farinograph quality number. This phenomenon may be due to oxidation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds resulting in increasing strength and improving flour quality. Increasing moisture content and storing in higher temperatures resulted in weakening rheological properties.     

温室黄瓜发育期模拟模型的检验

针对作物生育期研究主要有3种方法:有效积温法、生理发育时间法和正弦指数函数法。试验选取不同温室不同茬口黄瓜的发育期数据和温室环境数据对3种发育期模拟模型方法进行验证。温室黄瓜发育期的预测结果表明,正弦指数函数法预测准确而稳定,回归估计标准误差(RMSE)在0.8~2.4d之间,以每日平均气温和每小时平均气温为输入值的生理发育时间法RMSE值分别在0.8~6.1和0.8~7.0d,有效积温法1.3~6.2d。基于以上验证结果,3种模拟预测发育期方法中,正弦指数函数法表现出较好的预测性和较强的机理性,适用于作物发育期的预测。     

Effect of climate change on Spodoptera litura Fab. on peanut: A life table approach

Investigations were conducted to understand the direct effects of rising temperature and the host-mediated effects of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) on Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). This study involved i. the construction of life tables of S. litura at six constant temperatures viz., 20, 25, 27, 30, 33 and 35°C ± 0.5 °C reared on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown under eCO₂ (550 ppm) concentration in open top chambers ii. Estimation of threshold temperatures and thermal constants and iii. Prediction of the pest scenarios during near and distant future climate change periods. Significantly lower leaf nitrogen, higher carbon and a higher relative proportion of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) were observed in peanut foliage grown under eCO₂ over ambient CO₂ (aCO₂). The mean development time (days) of each stage, egg, larva, pupa, pre-oviposition and total life span decreased from 20 to 35 °C temperature on eCO₂ foliage. The thermal requirement of S. litura from egg to egg (within the range of 20 °C–35 °C) was 538.5 DD on eCO₂ as against 494.5 DD on aCO₂ foliage. Finite (λ) and intrinsic rates of increase (r_m), net reproductive rate (R_o), mean generation time (T) and doubling time (DT) of S. litura varied significantly with temperature and CO₂ and were found to have quadratic relationships with temperature. The present results on life table parameters estimated by the bootstrap technique showed that the ‘r_m’ values of S. litura on eCO₂ foliage were higher than those in the literature indicating a significant influence of eCO₂. The reduction of ‘T’ was noticed from a maximum of 50 days at 20 °C to minimum of 22 days at 35 °C and ‘λ’ which is the indicator of reproductive value of new eggs was highest at 35 °C and showed a negative relationship with temperature. The data on these life table parameters were plotted against temperature and two non-linear models developed for both CO₂ conditions and used for predicting the pest scenarios. Prediction of pest scenarios based on PRECIS A1B emission scenario data at eleven peanut growing locations of the country during near future (NF) and distant future (DF) climate change periods showed an increase of ‘r_m’ and ‘λ’ with varied ‘R_o’ and reduced ‘T’. The present results indicate that temperature and CO₂ are vital in influencing the growth and life table parameters of S. litura and that pest incidence is likely to be higher in the future.     

Low cost measurement setup based on a piezoelectric microphone for estimating apple bruising using Shannon entropy

This study presents a low cost measurement setup for estimating apple bruise volume during drop impact tests. The proposed measurement system consists of three main stages namely recording impact sound, signal processing, and estimating bruise volume. In the recording stage, the impact sound occurred when striking the apple on the surface was recorded by a piezoelectric microphone into computer. The impact sound was converted into Shannon entropy signals based on the Kernel density approach, and two measurable quantities namely entropy peak and pulse-width time were extracted from Shannon entropy signals in the signal processing stage. In the bruise volume estimating stage, the regression curves that map entropy peak and pulse-width features into bruise volume are estimated using measurements data. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we conducted several drop experiments with six different drop heights and two different temperatures (1 and 19 °C). Experimental results showed that bruise volume was exponentially proportional to the entropy peak and it was inversely proportional to pulse-width time as power functions, and all the curves were fitted with coefficients of determination of more than 0.98. Moreover, it was found that colder apples developed less bruise volume then warmer ones.     

多层胶合板热压传热特性

为了研究多层胶合板热压过程中各胶层温度随时间的变化规律，进行了热压传热试验。结果表明，单板层数是影响胶合板热压传热传质的重要因素。多层胶合板坯中心胶层升温速率随着板坯层数的增加而显著下降，单板层数从3层增加到9层，中心胶层到达胶黏剂固化温度的时间增加了383％。在慢速升温阶段，板坯中心胶层的水分汽化温度随着板坯层数的增加而有所降低。     

施氮时期对葡萄叶片光合生理及内源激素水平的影响

以10 a生酿酒葡萄‘蛇龙珠’为试验材料，运用水肥一体化滴灌的方式分别在萌芽期（S1）、新梢旺长期（S2）、开花期（S3）、果实第一次膨大期（S4）和副梢生长旺期（S5）一次性施入300 kg·hm^-2尿素，对照为整个生育期均不施氮肥（CK），分别于花后50 d（DAF50）、花后85 d（DAF85）和花后120 d（DAF120）进行光合特性指标的测定，并采样分析氮肥施用时期对葡萄叶片光合生理及内源激素水平的影响。结果表明：各生育期施氮均能增加叶片净光合速率（Pn）及PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm），在花前施氮肥叶片Pn和Fv/Fm增加最为显著，最高分别达到18.22 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和0.854。S1、S2和S3处理显著增大了不同生育期叶片气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr），且S2处理在DAF85时最显著，Gs和Tr分别比CK高18.5%和10.8%；S3、S4和S5处理显著降低了叶片的胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）和非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ），S1处理叶片Ci与CK之间无显著差异。果实第一次膨大期之前施入氮肥能够显著增大各生育期叶片的PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ФPSⅡ）和光化学淬灭系数（qP），最高分别达到0.889和0.959。可见，不同时期施氮肥，通过改变光合荧光相关参数影响叶片光能的吸收、传递、耗散和分配，从而改善叶片光能利用效率。氮肥的施用时期影响各生育期叶片内源激素的含量，施氮肥均显著提高了DAF85后叶片玉米素（ZT）含量，与CK相比至少提高21.9%；花后施入氮肥叶片中IAA含量在果实采收时保持在34.9 μg·g^-1以上，S4和S2处理GA₃含量最高，分别为7.11 μg·g^-1和6.49 μg·g^-1。因此，氮肥施用时期影响葡萄各生育期不同内源激素的积累。